Accessibility long description for Image 1 on the Originator Erasure page: Princeton Autism SPARK Study vs. Kitzerow’s Autism and the Comorbidities Theory

Side-by-side comparison titled “Princeton Autism SPARK Study vs. Kitzerow’s Autism and the Comorbidities Theory.” The graphic contrasts two approaches across five conceptual levels: Exclusivity, Traits, Clusters, Proteins, and Explanation. The Princeton SPARK Study content appears on the left in gray boxes, and Kitzerow’s framework appears on the right in blue boxes. Each row is connected by bidirectional arrows indicating conceptual comparison.

Exclusivity

• Princeton Autism SPARK Study:
  “As traits are not independent, they cannot be separately associated with patterns of genetic variation.” This is described as statistical exclusivity.

• Kitzerow’s Autism and the Comorbidities Theory:
  “Autism and comorbidities cannot occur simultaneously without a shared functional mechanism.” This is described as mechanistic exclusivity.

Traits

• Princeton Autism SPARK Study:
  Autism and comorbidities are broken into traits using questionnaire-based data, including SCQ, RBS-R, CBCL, and medical history forms.

• Kitzerow’s Autism and the Comorbidities Theory:
  Autism and comorbidities are broken into traits as gene-coded proteins and their physiological functions.

Clusters

• Princeton Autism SPARK Study:
  A mixture modeling algorithm is applied to form four statistical clusters.

• Kitzerow’s Autism and the Comorbidities Theory:
  Biochemical convergence points are identified where proteins regulate multiple pathways, producing comorbidity clusters.

Proteins

• Princeton Autism SPARK Study:
  Each phenotype is linked to gene-coded proteins and associated pathways using bioinformatics methods, specifically ShinyGO fold enrichment.

• Kitzerow’s Autism and the Comorbidities Theory:
  A biochemical network of gene-coded proteins is built to determine the impact of redox regulatory mechanisms, including BioToggles, BioDials, and redox shunts such as BH4.

Explanation

• Princeton Autism SPARK Study:
  Findings are explained through statistical enrichment, described as correlation only.

• Kitzerow’s Autism and the Comorbidities Theory:
  Findings are explained through biochemical function, described as mechanistic causality.